Depressive symptoms in experimental group participants were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory.
Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index before the study and weekly during the intervention. The control group (Group 3) received no intervention. Participants listened for 45 minutes either to relaxing classical music (Group 1) or an audiobook (Group 2) at bedtime for 3 weeks. Ninety-four students (aged between 19 and 28 years) with sleep complaints were studied in 2006. We used a three-group repeated measures design.
Control groups have not been used in most previous studies. Music can reduce sympathetic nervous system activity, decrease anxiety, blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate and may have positive effects on sleep via muscle relaxation and distraction from thoughts. Sleep disorders may result in fatigue, tiredness, depression and problems in daytime functioning. This paper is a report of a study to investigate the effects of music on sleep quality in young participants with poor sleep.
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